Kazakhstan: Seven Attractions and Natural Wonders

The ninth-largest country on earth

Kazakhstan is by far the largest of the Central Asian republics — bigger than Western Europe — and the ninth-largest country in the world, yet home to only about 20 million people. Most of it is flat steppe and semi-desert, but the southeast rises into the snow peaks of the Tian Shan along the borders with Kyrgyzstan and China. It is oil-rich, fast-modernising, and Russian- and Kazakh-speaking, and it has poured money into a showpiece capital on the northern plains.

The seven below cluster in the scenic southeast around Almaty, plus the capital and the pilgrimage city of Turkestan. Late spring (May–June) and autumn (September) are best for the mountains; the capital has bitter winters and hot summers.

1. The Charyn Canyon

The Charyn Canyon, about 200 kilometres east of Almaty, is a gorge up to 150 to 300 metres deep that the Charyn river has cut through soft red sedimentary rock, eroding it into a "Valley of Castles" of pinnacles and towers often compared to the Grand Canyon in miniature. A walking trail runs down the dry side canyon to the green riverbank, and a relict grove of Sogdian ash, a tree said to date back to the ice age, grows along the river.

It is usually visited as a long day trip or an overnight from Almaty.

2. Almaty

Almaty, the former capital and still the largest city and cultural centre, sits at the foot of the Trans-Ili Alatau mountains, which loom over the streets. It is a green, tree-lined, leafy city of Soviet and modern architecture, with the brightly painted wooden Zenkov Cathedral in Panfilov Park, the Green Bazaar, the Kok-Tobe hill (by cable car), and the Medeu speed-skating rink and Shymbulak ski resort just up the valley.

It is the arrival point for almost every visitor and the base for the sights below.

3. Big Almaty Lake and the Trans-Ili Alatau

Big Almaty Lake, an hour up a mountain road (and gorge) from the city, is a striking turquoise glacial lake ringed by 4,000-metre peaks, with an astronomical observatory on the slope above. The wider Ile-Alatau National Park, stretching from the Turgen gorge in the east to the Chemolgan river in the west, has alpine meadows, spruce forest and deep gorges.

The lake lies close to the Kyrgyz border, in an area watched by border guards.

4. The Kolsai Lakes and Lake Kaindy

In the Kungey Alatau range near the Kyrgyz border, the three Kolsai Lakes step up a forested valley — the first reachable by road, the higher two by hiking or horse — with homestays in the village of Saty. Nearby, Lake Kaindy is a smaller lake created when a 1911 earthquake landslide dammed a valley; the submerged spruce trees still rise bone-white above and below the clear surface.

Both are usually combined with the Charyn Canyon on a two- or three-day trip.

5. Astana

Kazakhstan moved its capital from Almaty to a small northern city, now Astana (briefly Nur-Sultan), in 1997, and has been building a showpiece government quarter on the steppe ever since, with landmark buildings by Norman Foster and other international architects. The Bayterek tower (a "tree of life" with a viewing sphere), the pyramid-shaped Palace of Peace, the Khan Shatyr tent-mall, and the Nur-Astana mosque are among its landmarks. It is the second-coldest national capital in the world, after Ulaanbaatar.

It is a short internal flight or an overnight train from Almaty.

6. The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, Turkestan

In the south, the city of Turkestan holds Kazakhstan's most important monument — the huge mausoleum Timur (Tamerlane) built over the tomb of the 12th-century Sufi poet and teacher Khoja Ahmed Yasawi. Left unfinished at Timur's death in 1405, its great entrance portal was never completed, and its main dome is the largest surviving brick dome in Central Asia. It became Kazakhstan's first UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003 and a major pilgrimage destination.

Turkestan has a new international airport, opened in 2020–21, and a large new tourism complex beside the old town.

7. The steppe, the space port, and the far west

Beyond the southeast, Kazakhstan's other draws are spread thinly across a vast land. The Saryarka steppe and its lakes in the north (a UNESCO site) host huge spring and autumn bird migrations and herds of saiga antelope. Baikonur, leased to Russia, is the world's first spaceport, where Sputnik 1 and Yuri Gagarin's Vostok 1 were launched, and still the largest by area. And in the far west, on the Caspian side, the Mangystau region has an otherworldly desert of chalk and limestone cliffs and rock formations, most famously the Bozjyra tract.

These take real time and planning; most short trips stay in the Almaty region.

A first trip is usually built around Almaty — the city, its mountains, the Charyn Canyon, and the Kolsai/Kaindy lakes — over about a week, adding Astana or Turkestan by internal flight if time allows.