Singapore

The island had a trading settlement, Temasek, in the fourteenth century, but its modern history begins in 1819, when Stamford Raffles of the British East India Company signed a treaty to establish a free port. It grew explosively as an entrepôt on the sea route between India and China, drawing migrants from southern China, the Malay archipelago, and South India, and became part of the British Straits Settlements. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 boosted its trade further.

The fall of Singapore to Japan in February 1942 — the surrender of a large British force — was a shock to imperial prestige, and the occupation that followed included the Sook Ching massacre of Chinese residents. Self-government came in 1959 with Lee Kuan Yew and the People's Action Party in power. Singapore joined the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, but friction over race and economic policy led to its expulsion in August 1965 — an independence its leaders had not sought and initially feared it could not survive.

It survived by turning itself into a manufacturing, shipping, and financial hub, with heavy state direction, very high home ownership through public housing, a sovereign wealth fund, and strict social control. The PAP has governed without interruption ever since. Lee Kuan Yew stepped down as prime minister in 1990 and died in 2015; his son Lee Hsien Loong led the country from 2004 until handing over to Lawrence Wong in 2024.

Singapore is officially multiracial, and the framework of everyday life reflects it: four official languages, ethnic quotas in public housing blocks to prevent enclaves, and public holidays for Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Christian festivals. The population is about three-quarters Chinese, with substantial Malay and Indian minorities and a large foreign workforce. Religious and racial harmony is treated as a matter of national security, and speech that threatens it is policed.

The culture prizes education, hard work, and material success — the local term kiasu, "afraid to lose", is used self-mockingly for the competitive streak. Male citizens do about two years of National Service. Hawker food culture, the open-air food courts where the country eats, was placed on UNESCO's intangible heritage list in 2020.

Manners are generally reserved and orderly. Queuing is universal, public cleanliness is enforced, and there is a strong deference to rules and authority that visitors notice quickly.

About 6.1 million people live on the island, of whom roughly 3.7 million are citizens; the rest are permanent residents and foreign workers, from professionals to construction and domestic labourers. Most residents live in flats built by the Housing and Development Board, most of them owner-occupied on long leases.

The cost of living is among the highest in the world. Car ownership requires a Certificate of Entitlement that can cost more than the vehicle, so most people rely on the MRT. Working hours are long, competition for school places and jobs is intense, and the birth rate is very low, leaving the population ageing and dependent on immigration.

Daily life is safe, efficient, and highly digital — cashless payment, food delivery, and government services by app are routine — and the city is green, with parks, tree-lined roads, and planted verticals softening the density.

Singapore's cuisine is the food of its migrant communities, eaten side by side. Hainanese chicken rice — poached chicken with rice cooked in the stock — is the unofficial national dish; chilli crab, black pepper crab, and cereal prawns are the seafood classics. Malay and Indian-Muslim kitchens contribute nasi lemak, mee rebus, roti prata, and biryani, while laksa, char kway teow, bak kut teh, Hokkien mee, and satay come from the Chinese and Peranakan traditions.

The place to eat is a hawker centre, where dozens of specialist stalls share communal tables; several have earned Michelin recognition. Kopitiam coffee shops serve strong local kopi with condensed milk alongside soft-boiled eggs and kaya toast.

Peranakan (Nyonya) cooking, the blend of Chinese ingredients and Malay spicing developed by the Straits Chinese, is a distinct local cuisine — ayam buah keluak, babi pongteh, and rich laksa lemak. Durian, in season, is sold everywhere despite being banned from public transport.

Marina Bay is the modern showpiece: the three-towered Marina Bay Sands with its rooftop, the domed conservatories and Supertree Grove of Gardens by the Bay, the Merlion statue, and the ArtScience Museum, all around a reservoir in the heart of the city. The Singapore Botanic Gardens, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, holds the National Orchid Garden.

The historic quarters remain distinct and walkable — Chinatown, Little India, and the Malay-Muslim Kampong Glam around the Sultan Mosque — while Orchard Road is the shopping spine. The Singapore Zoo, its Night Safari, and the Bird Paradise are well regarded, and Sentosa island packs in beaches, Universal Studios, and the Singapore Oceanarium.

For green space there is the Southern Ridges walkway, the rainforest of the Central Catchment and Bukit Timah, and the almost traffic-free island of Pulau Ubin, a glimpse of the kampong Singapore that has otherwise vanished. Changi Airport's Jewel, with its indoor waterfall, is a destination in itself.