Caribbean Netherlands

Bonaire's first people were the Caquetío, an Arawak group; Sint Eustatius and Saba had Amerindian settlers long before Europeans arrived, Statia later home to Island Caribs. The Dutch took Bonaire in 1636 and worked its salt pans with enslaved Africans and Indigenous labour, and the small stone "slave huts" beside the southern salt flats still stand as a memorial. Sint Eustatius — "Statia" — became, in the eighteenth century, "the Golden Rock": a free-trade port so busy that warehouses lined its waterfront, and the first foreign territory to formally salute the flag of the newly independent United States, in November 1776. A British raid in 1781 and the rise of other ports ended its boom. Saba, a single steep volcano with no harbour, was farmed and fished by a small, largely self-reliant population, many of them sailors and boat-builders.

All three were governed as part of the Netherlands Antilles. When the Antilles were dissolved in 2010, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba did not become autonomous countries like Curaçao and Sint Maarten; instead they became "special municipalities" — openbare lichamen — of the Netherlands itself, closer in status to a Dutch municipality than to a colony, and in 2011 they switched from the guilder to the US dollar. An administrative intervention by the Dutch government in Sint Eustatius put the island's elected council aside for several years: the council elections due in March 2019 were postponed and finally held in October 2020, and local powers have been handed back in stages.

The three islands are culturally distinct from one another. Bonaire is Papiamentu-speaking and closely tied to Curaçao and Aruba, with its own simadan harvest festivals and barí drum and dance traditions, and a strong identity around the sea and the salt.

Saba and Sint Eustatius are English-speaking, with a heritage of seafaring, small-island self-sufficiency, and — on Saba — the drawn-thread needlework known as "Saba lace" and a home-made spiced rum, "Saba Spice". Communities are tiny and tight-knit. Same-sex marriage opened on all three islands in October 2012 and the first such wedding in the Caribbean Netherlands was held on Saba that December.

Church life, community festivals, and, on Saba and Statia, a long tradition of seafaring and of work abroad shape the social fabric.

About 26,500 people live on Bonaire, and only around 3,300 on Sint Eustatius and 2,000 on Saba. As Dutch nationals they are EU citizens, and movement to the Netherlands for education, healthcare, and work is common, especially from the two smaller islands.

Bonaire's economy is dive tourism, the Cargill solar salt works, and some cruise calls, and the island has debated the pace of tourism growth and its strain on water and nature. Sint Eustatius depends on a large oil-storage terminal and on government, and Saba on tourism, a well-regarded offshore medical school, and public-sector jobs. All three rely heavily on Dutch state funding, and the cost of imported goods is high.

Life is quiet and small-scale — on Saba and Statia everyone knows everyone — and organised around the sea, the trails, the church, and the flight or ferry timetable.

Bonaire's food follows Curaçao's Krioyo cooking: stobá (a stew made with goat or beef), funchi (cornmeal paste), kadushi (cactus soup), fresh fish and seafood, and pastechi, the fried crescent-shaped pastries eaten all over the ABC islands, with goat stew and grilled snapper the local favourites.

Saba and Sint Eustatius eat Caribbean-English home cooking: goat water (a spiced goat stew), johnnycakes, saltfish, pea and pumpkin soups, and fresh fish and lobster, with pigeon peas and rice on the side. On Saba, the meal might finish with a nip of Saba Spice, the local aromatic rum.

Imported groceries fill the gaps on all three islands; regional beers, local rums, and fresh juices are the usual drinks, and Bonaire grows small quantities of its own produce despite the dry climate.

Bonaire is a diving destination first: the entire coastline has been a protected marine park since 1979, shore-diving sites are marked by yellow stones along the coast road, and the reefs off Klein Bonaire are especially rich. On land, Washington Slagbaai National Park covers the arid north with hiking and birdlife; the Pekelmeer sanctuary in the south is one of the Caribbean's few flamingo breeding sites, its water turned pink beside the salt pans; and Lac Bay on the east coast, fringed by mangroves, is a world-class windsurfing spot.

Sint Eustatius is dominated by the Quill, a near-perfect dormant volcanic cone whose crater holds a pocket of tropical forest, reached by a well-made trail from the historic capital, Oranjestad, where the ruins of the eighteenth-century warehouses line the shore. The waters are protected as the Sint Eustatius National Marine Park, and the shipwrecks and anchorages of the trading era are among the many archaeological sites recorded on and around the island.

Saba is essentially one mountain rising from the sea: Mount Scenery, at 870 metres the highest point in the entire Kingdom of the Netherlands, is climbed through cloud forest via more than a thousand stone steps, and the island's other trails — including the old "Ladder" cut into the cliff — link its four tiny villages. Offshore, the Saba Marine Park protects a set of submerged pinnacles that make for dramatic wall diving.