Mauritius

Mauritius had no human population until the modern era. A Dutch squadron claimed the island in 1598 and named it after Prince Maurice of Nassau; the Dutch settled it from 1638, cut its ebony forests, introduced sugarcane and Javanese deer, and saw the flightless dodo hunted and driven to extinction before abandoning the island in 1710. France took over in 1715 as Isle de France, and under Mahé de La Bourdonnais built Port Louis, a plantation economy, and a society founded on the labour of enslaved Africans and Malagasy.

Britain captured the island in 1810 and kept it as Mauritius. Slavery was abolished in the mid-1830s, and planters replaced the enslaved workforce with indentured labourers shipped from India — nearly half a million people over the following decades, processed through the immigration depot at Aapravasi Ghat in Port Louis, now a World Heritage Site. This is the origin of modern Mauritius's make-up: an Indo-Mauritian majority, a Creole population of African and Malagasy descent, and smaller Sino-Mauritian and Franco-Mauritian communities.

Independence came in 1968 under Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, and Mauritius became a republic in 1992. It has kept a stable multiparty democracy with regular changes of government, and has moved from a sugar monocrop to a diversified high-income economy of textiles, tourism, financial services, and information technology. A long-running dispute with Britain over the Chagos Archipelago, which the United Kingdom split off in 1965, three years before independence, moved towards resolution after the International Court of Justice ruled in Mauritius's favour: on 22 May 2025 the two countries signed a bilateral agreement recognising Mauritian sovereignty over the islands while the United Kingdom keeps Diego Garcia and its joint UK–US base for 99 years. The treaty still awaits ratification: in April 2026 it was announced that it would not be approved before the end of the UK parliamentary session, after US President Donald Trump criticised the deal. In the general election of November 2024 the opposition Alliance du Changement won a landslide and Navin Ramgoolam returned as prime minister.

Mauritius is strikingly plural and, for the most part, harmonious. Public holidays run across the calendars of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and the Chinese tradition: Divali, Holi, Maha Shivaratri, Eid, Cavadee, Ougadi, the Spring Festival, Christmas, and the pilgrimage to the tomb of Père Laval. The sacred crater lake of Grand Bassin, renamed Ganga Talao, draws hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims on foot each Shivaratri.

The island's own art form is sega: a music and dance of drum, rattle, and call-and-response singing that grew out of the songs of enslaved people, now recognised by UNESCO. Its modern offshoot, seggae, fuses sega with reggae. Food, language, and family life all mix inheritances, and most Mauritians move easily between Creole, French, and English.

Everyday customs lean toward hospitality, respect for elders, and strong family ties. Horse racing at the Champ de Mars in Port Louis, one of the oldest tracks in the southern hemisphere, and football are the popular spectator passions.

Mauritius has near-universal literacy, free schooling and health care, and one of the highest living standards in Africa. Most people live on the cooler central plateau — Curepipe, Vacoas, Quatre Bornes, Rose Hill — and around Port Louis, the capital and port. Sugarcane still covers much of the countryside but now employs few; the workforce has moved into services, manufacturing, tourism, and offshore finance.

Tourism is concentrated on the coast, in resort belts at Grand Baie in the north, Flic en Flac in the west, Belle Mare in the east, and Le Morne in the southwest, while daily life for most residents happens inland. Rodrigues, the small autonomous island 560 kilometres to the east, is poorer, Creole-speaking, and lives from fishing and farming.

The rhythm of the year is set by the weather — the humid, cyclone-prone summer and the drier, breezier winter — and by the festival calendar, which gives the country a major public celebration every few weeks.

Mauritian cooking is a genuine fusion of Indian, Creole, Chinese, and French kitchens. The national street food is dholl puri: a soft split-pea flatbread wrapped around bean curry, tomato rougaille, and chilli or coriander chutney. Alongside it are farata (flaky paratha), gâteaux piments (chilli-and-split-pea fritters), and boulettes, the local dumplings served in broth.

Home and restaurant meals include rougaille (a tomato-based stew of fish, sausage, or corned beef), vindaye (mustard-and-turmeric pickled fish or octopus), cari of chicken or seafood with fresh chutneys and brèdes (leafy greens), briani, and fried noodles and bouillon from the Chinese tradition. Octopus curry is a Rodrigues speciality, and heart-of-palm salad is made from palms grown on the island.

To drink there is alouda (a cold, sweet milk drink), strong tea grown on the island, Phoenix lager, and locally distilled rum, often infused with fruit and spices as rhum arrangé.

Le Morne Brabant, a basalt mountain on a peninsula in the southwest, is the island's emblem and a World Heritage Site: escaped slaves are said to have taken refuge on its cliffs, and it stands over a turquoise lagoon that is now a kitesurfing centre. Inland, the Black River Gorges National Park protects most of the island's remaining native forest and rare endemic birds — the Mauritius kestrel and the pink pigeon — both brought back from the edge of extinction.

The southwest also has Chamarel, with its dunes of seven-coloured volcanic earth, a waterfall, and a rum distillery, and a viewpoint over the "underwater waterfall" illusion created by sand moving off the shelf near Le Morne. In the centre, Curepipe sits beside the Trou aux Cerfs crater, and Grand Bassin holds its sacred lake, its temples, and a towering statue of Shiva.

Port Louis has the Caudan waterfront, the bustling Central Market, the Aapravasi Ghat, and the Blue Penny Museum, which holds examples of the 1847 "Post Office" stamps. Offshore lie Île aux Aigrettes, a restored islet reserve of ebony forest and giant tortoises, and the Blue Bay marine park; the Pamplemousses botanical garden, with its giant water lilies, is one of the oldest in the tropics.